Comparison of peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of Kupffer cells to produce tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐1
Steven N. Lichtman, Jian Wang, John H. Schwab, John J. Lemasters – 1 April 1994 – Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) is a cell wall polymer from gram‐negative bacteria that stimulates Kupffer cell release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1. Another bacterial cell wall polymer in both gram‐negative and gram‐positive organisms is peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide exist together in the intestinal lumen and can cross the intestinal mucosa, enter the portal vein and activate Kupffer cells.