Mikihiro Tsutsumi, Sachio Urashima, Akira Takada, Takayasu Date, Yujiro Tanaka – 1 February 1994 – Hepatitis C virus is a positive single‐strand RNA virus distantly related to flaviviruses. Therefore RNA replicase, an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, may be essential for the replication of hepatitis C virus, as well as other RNA viruses. In this study we synthesized the recombinant polypeptide (HCV‐NS5 antigen) with a 576 bp cDNA encoding a part of the NS5 region of the HCV genome that has the Gly‐Asp‐Asp motif. The antibody against this polypeptide was obtained from rabbit serum.

Florence Wong, Peter Liu, Sheldon Tobe, Gilles Morali, Laurence Blendis – 1 February 1994 – In patients with cirrhosis a diminished effective central arterial blood volume associated with systemic arterial vasodilatation has been proposed as the mechanism that initiates renal sodium retention. Furthermore, total central blood volume has recently been reported as reduced in cirrhosis, and the controversy over the stimulus for sodium retention in cirrhosis remains.

Ehoud Shmueli, Murray Stewart, K. George, M. M. Alberti, Christopher O. Record – 1 February 1994 – Cirrhosis is characterized by paradoxical growth hormone secretion in response to glucose and insulin infusion. To ascertain whether this abnormality contributes to insulin resistance, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps were performed on six patients with cirrhosis and six normal control subjects.

Neven Ljubičic̀, Ante Bilic̀, Branko Kopjar – 1 February 1994 – Ascitic fluid opsonic activity and ascitic fluid C3 concentrations are important protective factors against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This randomized controlled study was performed to compare the effect of diuretic administration alone vs. single large‐volume therapeutic paracentesis followed by administration of diuretics on ascitic fluid opsonic activity and on ascites and serum immunoglobulin and complement concentrations in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and tense ascites.

Lawrence A. Saperstein, Randy L. Jirtle, Marwan Farouk, Hugh J. Thompson, Kyung S. Chung, William C. Meyers – 1 February 1994 – These studies investigate the role of transforming growth factor‐β1, a potent inhibitor of epithelial cell proliferation and stimulator of extracellular matrix biosynthesis, during intrahepatic bile duct hyperplasia and biliary fibrosis. These pathogenic responses were induced in rats by common bile duct ligation. Bile duct cell replication, measured by the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index, was significantly increased 24 hr after common bile duct ligation.

Masahiko Morita, Yoshifumi Watanabe, Toshihiro Akaike – 1 February 1994 – We investigated the effect of inflammatory cytokines on the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression on primary cultured murine hepatocytes. Tumor necrosis factor‐α, interferon‐γ and interleukin‐1α up‐regulated the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression on hepatocytes in a dose‐dependent fashion; however, interleukin‐6 did not. On the basis of kinetic analysis, the expression level reached a peak 24 hr after stimulation, and both cycloheximide and actinomycin D inhibited the expression.

1 January 1994

Ulrich Lauer, Ludwig Weiß, Martin Lipp, Peter Hans Hofschneider, Alexander S. Kekulé – 1 January 1994 – Integrated hepatitis B virus DNA cloned from hepatitis B virus‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma frequently contains 3′‐truncated middle surface genes (preS2/St), which were recently found to have a transcriptional transactivator function. Because preS2/St, among others, is able to transactivate the promoters of the cellular oncogenes c‐myc and c‐fos, it has been speculated that integrated preS2/St genes might contribute to hepatitis B virus‐associated liver carcinogenesis.

Shushma Aggarwal, David Kramer, Howard Yonas, Walter Obrist, Yoogoo Kang, Maureen Martin, Raymond Policare – 1 January 1994 – The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic changes in comatose patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Computerized tomography of the brain and cerebral blood flow measurements by the xenoncomputerized tomography scan or intravenous xenon‐133 methods were obtained in 33 patients with fulminant hepatic failure.

Nan Ni, James D. Yager – 1 January 1994 – Ethinyl estradiol is a weak complete carcinogen and potent tumor promoter. In vivo, ethinyl estradiol causes a rapid but transient increase in liver growth, whereas in cultured female hepatocytes it enhances DNA synthesis induced by epidermal growth factor and is thus classified as a comitogen.