Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causes Liver Cancer Cells to Release Exosomal miR‐23a‐3p and Up‐regulate Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression in Macrophages
Jiatao Liu, Lulu Fan, Hanqing Yu, Ju Zhang, Yong He, Dechun Feng, Fang Wang, Xiaoqiu Li, Qingqing Liu, Yuhuan Li, Zhenli Guo, Bin Gao, Wei Wei, Hua Wang, Guoping Sun – 10 March 2019 – Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promotes tumor cell escape from immunosurveillance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that ER stress induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to release exosomes, which attenuate antitumor immunity by modulating the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in macrophages.