Programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) checkpoint blockade in combination with a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor restrains hepatocellular carcinoma growth induced by hepatoma cell–intrinsic PD‐1
Hui Li, Xiaoqiang Li, Shuang Liu, Lei Guo, Bo Zhang, Jubo Zhang, Qinghai Ye – 21 July 2017 – Inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) administered as single agents have resulted in durable tumor regression in advanced cancer patients. However, only a minority of cancer patients respond to anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy. Here, we show that PD‐1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes tumor growth independently of adaptive immunity. Knockdown of PD‐1 suppresses tumor growth, whereas PD‐1 overexpression enhances tumorigenesis in immunodeficient xenografted mice.