Gut Microbial Metabolism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Suzanne R. Sharpton, Germaine J.M. Yong, Norah A. Terrault, Susan V. Lynch – 3 December 2018 – The gut microbiome, the multispecies community of microbes that exists in the gastrointestinal tract, encodes several orders of magnitude more functional genes than the human genome. It also plays a pivotal role in human health, in part due to metabolism of environmental, dietary, and host‐derived substrates, which produce bioactive metabolites.

Racial Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Are Not Explained by Differences in Comorbidities, Liver Disease Severity, or Tumor Burden

Lara Dakhoul, Samer Gawrieh, Keaton R. Jones, Marwan Ghabril, Chelsey McShane, Eric Orman, Eduardo Vilar‐Gomez, Naga Chalasani, Lauren Nephew – 3 December 2018 – Black patients have higher mortality and are less likely to receive liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than white patients. Reasons for these disparities have not been fully elucidated.

Peribiliary Glands Are Key in Regeneration of the Human Biliary Epithelium After Severe Bile Duct Injury

Iris E.M. de Jong, Alix P.M. Matton, Jasper B. van Praagh, Wouter T. van Haaften, Janneke Wiersema‐Buist, Louise A. van Wijk, Dorenda Oosterhuis, Raditya Iswandana, Su Suriguga, Diletta Overi, Ton Lisman, Guido Carpino, Annette S.H. Gouw, Peter Olinga, Eugenio Gaudio, Robert J. Porte – 2 December 2018 – Peribiliary glands (PBG) are a source of stem/progenitor cells organized in a cellular network encircling large bile ducts.

Lack of Benefit and Potential Harm of Induction Therapy in Simultaneous Liver‐Kidney Transplants

Nashila AbdulRahim, Lee Anderson, Suman Kotla, Hao Liu, Venkatesh K. Ariyamuthu, Mythili Ghanta, Malcolm MacConmara, Shannan R. Tujios, Arjmand Mufti, Sumit Mohan, Jorge A. Marrero, Parsia A. Vagefi, Bekir Tanriover – 2 December 2018 – The number of simultaneous liver‐kidney transplantations (SLKTs) and use of induction therapy for SLKT have increased recently, without much published evidence, especially in the context of maintenance immunosuppression containing tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolic acid (MPA).

Vessels That Encapsulate Tumor Clusters (VETC) Pattern Is a Predictor of Sorafenib Benefit in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Jian‐Hong Fang, Li Xu, Li‐Ru Shang, Chu‐Zhi Pan, Jin Ding, Yun‐Qiang Tang, Hui Liu, Chu‐Xing Liu, Jia‐Lin Zheng, Yao‐Jun Zhang, Zhong‐Guo Zhou, Jing Xu, Limin Zheng, Min‐Shan Chen, Shi‐Mei Zhuang – 1 December 2018 – Sorafenib is the most recommended first‐line systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yet there is no clinically applied biomarker for predicting sorafenib response.

Dietary Patterns and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among U.S. Men and Women

Yanan Ma, Wanshui Yang, Tracey G. Simon, Stephanie A. Smith‐Warner, Teresa T. Fung, Jing Sui, Dawn Chong, Trang VoPham, Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt, Deliang Wen, Edward L. Giovannucci, Andrew T. Chan, Xuehong Zhang – 1 December 2018 – Although adherence to healthy dietary guidelines has been associated with a reduced risk of several health outcomes, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, little is known about the role of dietary patterns in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Intestinal Microbiota Mediates the Susceptibility to Polymicrobial Sepsis‐Induced Liver Injury by Granisetron Generation in Mice

Shenhai Gong, Zhengzheng Yan, Zhanguo Liu, Mengwei Niu, Heng Fang, Na Li, Chenyang Huang, Lei Li, Guiming Chen, Haihua Luo, Xiaojiao Chen, Hongwei Zhou, Jingjuan Hu, Wei Yang, Qiaobing Huang, Bernd Schnabl, Ping Chang, Timothy R. Billiar, Yong Jiang, Peng Chen – 1 December 2018 – Sepsis‐induced liver injury is recognized as a key problem in intensive care units. The gut microbiota has been touted as an important mediator of liver disease development; however, the precise roles of gut microbiota in regulating sepsis‐induced liver injury are unknown.

Cannabinoid‐1 Receptor Antagonism Improves Glycemic Control and Increases Energy Expenditure Through Sirtuin‐1/Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 and 5′Adenosine Monophosphate–Activated Protein Kinase Signaling

Jie Liu, Grzegorz Godlewski, Tony Jourdan, Ziyi Liu, Resat Cinar, Keming Xiong, George Kunos – 1 December 2018 – Endocannabinoids promote energy conservation in obesity, whereas cannabinoid‐1 receptor (CB1R) blockade reverses body weight gain and insulin resistance and increases energy expenditure. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms of the catabolic effects of CB1R blockade in the liver.

Vitamin E Improves Transplant‐Free Survival and Hepatic Decompensation Among Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Advanced Fibrosis

Eduardo Vilar‐Gomez, Raj Vuppalanchi, Samer Gawrieh, Marwan Ghabril, Romil Saxena, Oscar W. Cummings, Naga Chalasani – 1 December 2018 – Vitamin E improves liver histology in adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but not diabetes, but its impact on long‐term patient outcomes is unknown. We evaluated whether vitamin E treatment improves clinical outcomes of NASH patients with bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis.

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