Interferon‐Induced Transmembrane Proteins Mediate Viral Evasion in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Florian Wrensch, Gaëtan Ligat, Laura Heydmann, Catherine Schuster, Mirjam B. Zeisel, Patrick Pessaux, François Habersetzer, Barnabas J. King, Alexander W. Tarr, Jonathan K. Ball, Michael Winkler, Stefan Pöhlmann, Zhen‐yong Keck, Steven K.H. Foung, Thomas F. Baumert – 7 May 2019 – Although adaptive immune responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been studied in great detail, the role of innate immunity in protection against HCV infection and immune evasion is only partially understood.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts Established From Needle Biopsies Preserve the Characteristics of the Originating Tumors

Tanja Blumer, Isabel Fofana, Matthias S. Matter, Xueya Wang, Hesam Montazeri, Diego Calabrese, Mairene Coto‐Llerena, Tujana Boldanova, Sandro Nuciforo, Venkatesh Kancherla, Luigi Tornillo, Salvatore Piscuoglio, Stefan Wieland, Luigi M. Terracciano, Charlotte K.Y. Ng, Markus H. Heim – 6 May 2019 – Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Treatment options for patients with advanced‐stage disease are limited. A major obstacle in drug development is the lack of an in vivo model that accurately reflects the broad spectrum of human HCC.

OLFM4 Enhances STAT3 Activation and Promotes Tumor Progression by Inhibiting GRIM19 Expression in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Yosuke Ashizawa, Satoshi Kuboki, Hiroyuki Nojima, Hideyuki Yoshitomi, Katsunori Furukawa, Tsukasa Takayashiki, Shigetsugu Takano, Masaru Miyazaki, Masayuki Ohtsuka – 2 May 2019 – Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) induces signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation by inhibiting gene associated with retinoid‐interferon‐induced mortality 19 (GRIM19), a strong STAT3 suppressor gene; however, the mechanisms of OLFM4 for regulating GRIM19‐STAT3 cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear.

NOD‐like receptor C4 Inflammasome Regulates the Growth of Colon Cancer Liver Metastasis in NAFLD

Koichiro Ohashi, Zhijun Wang, Yoon Mee Yang, Sandrine Billet, Wei Tu, Michael Pimienta, Suzanne L. Cassel, Stephen J. Pandol, Shelly C. Lu, Fayyaz S. Sutterwala, Neil Bhowmick, Ekihiro Seki – 1 May 2019 – Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) enhances the growth and recurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis. With the rising prevalence of NAFLD, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying NAFLD‐associated liver metastasis is crucial. Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a large portion of the tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor growth.

Fecal Microbial Transplant Capsules Are Safe in Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

Jasmohan S. Bajaj, Nita H. Salzman, Chathur Acharya, Richard K. Sterling, Melanie B. White, Edith A. Gavis, Andrew Fagan, Michael Hayward, Mary L. Holtz, Scott Matherly, Hannah Lee, Majdi Osman, Mohammad S. Siddiqui, Michael Fuchs, Puneet Puri, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Patrick M. Gillevet – 30 April 2019 – Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) can cause major morbidity despite standard of care (SOC; rifaximin/lactulose). Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) enemas postantibiotics are safe, but the effect of FMT without antibiotics using the capsular route requires investigation.

Activation of Pregnane X Receptor Sensitizes Mice to Hemorrhagic Shock–Induced Liver Injury

Yang Xie, Meishu Xu, Meihong Deng, Zhigang Li, Pengcheng Wang, Songrong Ren, Yan Guo, Xiaochao Ma, Jie Fan, Timothy R. Billiar, Wen Xie – 30 April 2019 – Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a life‐threatening condition associated with tissue hypoperfusion and often leads to injury of multiple organs including the liver. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a species‐specific xenobiotic receptor that regulates the expression of drug‐metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) such as the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A.

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